Bias CutFabric cut diagonally across the weave, used for smoother curves and corners. Bottoming ClothA dust cover fabric attached to the underside of a seat to give a neat finish. ButtoningA decorative technique where fabric is pulled through padding and secured with buttons, creating a tufted pattern. CalicoA plain-woven cotton fabric used as an under-cover before the final fabric is applied. CambricA tightly woven cotton cloth used as a dust cover or cushion casing. ChamferAn angled edge cut into wood frame corners to reduce bulk under fabric. Close NailingDecorative nails placed close together to create a continuous line along edges. Coil SpringsTraditional metal springs used in seat construction, available in different gauges for varying firmness. CrownThe highest point of a stuffed seat cushion, deliberately built up to account for compression over time. Drop-in SeatA seat pad that sits within a frame and can be lifted out for re-covering. Feather WrapA layer of feathers and down wrapped around a foam core to create a soft, luxurious cushion. GimpA decorative braid used to cover tack lines and raw fabric edges. Hair StuffingNatural horsehair or hog hair used as traditional padding, prized for its resilience and breathability. HessianA coarse woven fabric made from jute, used as a base layer in traditional upholstery. InterlinerA fire-retardant barrier fabric placed between filling and cover fabric to meet safety regulations. JuteA natural plant fibre used to make hessian and webbing for upholstery foundations. Loose CoverA removable fabric cover made to fit over upholstered furniture, also known as a slipcover. MartindaleA measure of fabric durability — the higher the number, the more resistant to wear. 30,000+ is suitable for heavy domestic use. PipingA fabric-covered cord sewn into seams to create a defined edge and add structure. Re-webbingReplacing the woven webbing strips that form the foundation support of a seat. Ripping ChiselA specialist tool used to remove old tacks and staples during stripping. Scroll ArmA curved, rolled arm shape commonly found on traditional sofas and armchairs. Serpentine SpringsS-shaped metal springs used in modern furniture construction as an alternative to coil springs. Stitched EdgeA firm, shaped edge created by stitching through stuffing to build up and hold the shape of a seat or back. StockinetteA stretchy tubular knitted fabric used as a protective layer over foam. Tacking StripA cardboard strip with pre-inserted tacks, used for a clean finish when attaching fabric. TuftingSimilar to buttoning but without visible buttons — the fabric is pulled through to create a dimpled surface. WaddingSoft padding material (polyester or cotton) placed over foam or springs to smooth the surface. WebbingWoven strips of jute or elastic that form the structural foundation of a seat. WeltAnother term for piping — a decorative and structural cord covered in fabric. 